No matter what the Code says, it looks like the people have spoken.
Category: politics
the timeless advice of universal urbanism
People often ask why, as a lawyer, I have chosen to spend spare time writing about urbanism. “Osmosis and irony” is the best answer I can muster.
While many of my friends monitor, message—and often preach—changing approaches to urban development, I write because I am seeing many things in the popular press and blogosphere recalled from childhood as obscure, meal-time conversations in an urban planning professor’s family.
I am reminded of one of many of Mark Twain’s attempts at characterizing the human condition:
“Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and gradually approach eighteen.”
So, in a sense, the meal-time conversations of childhood continue. In the interim, words have changed, but the ideas are constant. Regulations have attempted to cement what was selective policy. And a sense of urgency—borne in “pollution control”—now centers on mitigation of climate change.
How distinct are the urban policies of yesterday, today and tomorrow?
By way of example, the Seattle City Council 2011 Priorities address an agenda with several sub-elements (click here), built around the following, which are understandable and appropriate topics for the 21st century city:
- Foster safe, just, and healthy communities for all
- Build a livable city for our future
- Invest public resources fairly and effectively
Maybe such topics are generic, modern city-speak, regardless of exact era, technological advancement or regulatory system.
Over 40 years ago, my father (the professor) was asked for advice about contemporary urban issues of the day relevant to Seattle.
In response, he focused on issues of regionalism, infill development, equitable transportation systems, housing, education, natural systems, storefront vitality and community involvement. He frankly approached the pitfalls of merging land use policy with politics and the need for a bold vision at the juncture of the public and private domains.
Ironically, change the date, update vocabulary, and the following abridged advice might provide a helpful, timeless and universal road map in whatever urban direction we choose to travel.
June 5, 1967
TO: Mr. Jack Robertson
Random Notes: Planning and City Development With Regard to the Seattle City Council
Urban and regional issues that could be expected to concern a Council.
1. A metropolitan orientation: awareness of the city region, the interrelationship of the problems and willingness to view them in the context of a central city and its hinterland.
2. Inner city rejuvenation: the changing core – urban and human renewal utilizing all aid to facilitate a vigorous business and industrial center – but not to ignore housing and other community facilities as only the very rich, very poor and disadvantaged are left.
3. Transportation: varied means and choices inherent in systems that would be efficient and subsidizing public as well as private means, mass transit as well as individual.
4. Services and facilities: provided beyond a “minimal” level–underground as well as over, for the aged as well as the young, for the aesthetic as well as the athletic, for the indigenee as well as the transient or the tourist, for the disadvantaged (racial, economic, etc.) school child as well as those of the affluent, etc.
5. Amenities: the scenic, the historical, the cultural, the recreational etc. — the quality element, particularly in an area such as Seattle, where a concerted effort should be made to conserve and enhance existing elements and moreover to promote more in developments for the future.
6. Attitudes and actions for a viable environment:
a. To encourage and initiate demonstration projects and doings to show what can be done, to innovate in response to problems unique to the area, to freely engage in experimentation as needed in a dynamic, and growing area and to expect and admit some failures.
b. In emphasizing community action, to really deliver services not only those of health but also of social welfare at the neighborhood and “store front” level.
c. To provide a vital planning and development function where goals and priorities are publicly discussed, where priorities are asserted based on evaluations of the costs and gains (economic and social) and those are revealed as the basis of decisions, where policies are tested in forums involving community participation, and where public strategies consider the repercussions of private actions.
…
needed: more scale models as inspiration for urbanism
Certainly, others have documented the value and recurring popularity of the scale model as an inspiration for comprehensive thinking about city form, both from the perspective of the seasoned observer or an orientation for the neophyte. From such a one-stop view, the relationships of history land use, transportation and the natural environment can be readily ascertained.
Around the world, such city models are regularly updated as urban landscapes change, a three-dimensional depiction of what American planning and zoning maps can only hope to inspire.
The scale model can clarify the unique footprint of the subject urban area, and visits to and photographs of the model’s venue can educate, advertise and identify challenges, opportunities and solutions.
Need we be limited to the desktop Sim City? Need such real life, physical models await artistic inspiration, world expositions or other landmark occasions?
Philanthropists and grant-makers: In a time of municipal fiscal restraint when such endeavors may not be otherwise achievable, why not fund cities that apply for the privilege of creating the scale model tool?
hey urbanists: what are we typing for?
Visiting and photographing cities worldwide can take the metrics away, often amid economic recession, adjacent to revolution or facing or remembering the challenge of reconstruction. In such settings, qualitative and interactive experiences and comparison seem more important than documenting carbon emission, census data, rankings or ratings.
While data and catch-phrases have merit to enhance background principles and to support goals, so does the sense of wonder with which people reflect upon where they live, and ask about how other places are different, day-to-day, at the human scale.
Witness the frustrated commuter, who will authentically share perceptions, no matter the transportation mode. People will earnestly talk about neighborhood safety, a sense of economic well-being or challenge and and satisfaction or concerns about a child’s education. With sincerity, others will reference the weather, green or water surroundings or the music of place and time.
And transfixed, the world listens to and watches revolutions and disaster, where the urban setting is entirely disoriented and must rebuild again.
The fundamental reason that successful cities resonate is because they satisfy and/or complement some very basic human needs, often related to mental and physical health: congregation, safety, and the three “e’s” of education, environment and economy. In our policy and regulatory discussion of such urban settings, I continue to think we might achieve at a higher level by starting with reminders of the core: the basic human needs which cities can provide, or frustrate.
Only after acknowledging the fundamentals—and pausing to watch and listen— should we debate the circular arguments of ends versus means.
envisioning the blend: tradition, tourism and sustainability
At the interface of tradition, tourism and sustainability, dramatic photographs can tell a story that is hardly apparent at first glance.
A stone’s throw from the traffic and diversity of nearby Arusha, Tanzania, village community—what we might call neighborhood—is preserved in the distinctly non-urban, tribal traditions which overlay the foundational stratigraphy of East Africa.
As the Ngorongoro Conservation Area yields to the Serengeti plains and wildlife of lore, Maasai villages dot the landscape–easily discernible settlements of the country’s oft-noted tribe. The Maasai culture, which gains sustenance, measures wealth and attracts wives by numbers of cows, resounds with the color of robes, talking sticks and spears, amid the real-time exhibition of long walks across varied terrain.
Roadside Maasai observers, whether solo or in groups, help define the travel experience from Arusha to safari destinations. Safari-bound visitors take note and wave, and sometimes a vehicle from this contrasting culture of Land Cruisers stops to take a photo or to buy jewelry and crafts. In such interactions, traditional dances converge, as both the musical expressions of the Maasai culture and the negotiations of modern commerce play their respective roles.
The visual and interactive experience is compelling, if not overwhelming, and it is not difficult to romanticize the storybook Africa we want to see. But even amid this dramatic setting, we should not forget how today’s sustainability concerns play out in natural and conservation areas, where the simplest introduction of cultural change—including the modern acoutrements of a packed lunch—can implicate the surrounding environment.
Against this backdrop, last week, a Maasai man waited patiently with three dogs some 20 feet away from our lunchtime rest spot under the canopy of an isolated, acacia tree on a cat-track northward. He looked at us and we looked back, both with respect and wonder about how and why.
After 20 minutes of this dance of glances, and a Swahili exchange of offer and appreciation, Elisha, our guide, passed on two plastic bottles of water. Then, the man arose and walked dramatically to the horizon, until he became the classic silhouette of spear against sky, reproduced above.
This timeless image, in today’s terms, raises basic questions of sustainability of an age-old ecosystem, not unlike those presented in today’s urban environments. Think of the concerns behind recent American city efforts to ban plastic bags and styrofoam, but played out in a distant land of lore.
At first, such inquiries seem almost mundane, but echo beyond simple litter control. Should plastic bottles and cling-wrapped sandwiches populate the safari lunchbox? If so, should they leave the vehicles? And if shared in the community of the rudimentary, traditional Maasai village, where do they go when empty?
Another case in point: We visited a Maasai village, and conversed with the chief’s son in a cramped, domed hut no larger than a small walk-in closet. We sat not on the classic hardened dung and sticks in the walls built by women, but on overturned, round plastic drums—a Home Depot-like incongruity, to be sure.
From an outside perspective, it was readily apparent that best practices could define conduct of the tourist industry in today’s Tanzania, which could, in turn, have a positive impact on traditional cultures and the unrivaled ecosystem of the region.
There are efforts underway, including those of Damian Bell, a former safari purveyor who, from the vantage point of non-governmental organizations, provides laudable consulting, partnerships and audits via the Honeyguide Foundation. The Foundation’s inspiring mission is based on a combined approach, whereby the tourism industry and local communities unite to “protect Tanzania’s natural heritage and landscape” and simultaneously “empower local peoples”:
At Honeyguide we strive to link local communities with the tourism industry in order to catalyze economic opportunities and Responsible Tourism practices. In order to advance our mission, Honeyguide is committed to strengthening:
* Improved and transparent community governance
* Sustainable management of natural resources
* Corporate Social Responsibility and Philanthropic strategies
Bell and his colleagues are also in the start-up phase of the related “Responsible Tourism Tanzania” (RTTZ), with more focused efforts to establish an accreditation body for “eco-friendly” practices which adapt standards developed elsewhere to local context.
Such efforts raise more, traditional questions of how to incentivize human conduct—beyond simple “trash in, trash out” policies—in places where regulatory compliance and enforcement are not ordinary aspects of daily life.
Some see the stuff of legend in dramatic photographs. But young warriors-to-be are long barred from the rite of passage of the lion kill.
Today, the facts behind the Maasai man on the horizon raise universal questions of how to manage sustainable practices in a changing world.